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The Standard Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet developed by Karl Richard Lepsius. Lepsius initially used it to transcribe Egyptian hieroglyphs〔Lepsius 1849〕 and extended it to write African languages, published in 1854〔Lepsius 1854〕 and 1855,〔Lepsius 1855〕 and in a revised edition in 1863.〔Lepsius 1863〕 The alphabet was comprehensive but was not used much as it contained a lot of diacritic marks and was difficult to read and typeset at that time. ==Vowels== Vowel length is indicated by a macron (''(unicode:ā)'') or a breve (''(unicode:ă)'') for long and short vowels, respectively. Open vowels are marked by a line under the letter (''(unicode:e̱)''), while a dot below the letter makes it a close vowel (''(unicode:ẹ)''). Rounded front vowels are written with an umlaut (''(unicode:ö)'' and ''(unicode:ü)'' ), either on top or below, when the space above the letter is needed for vowel length marks (thus ''(unicode:ṳ̄)'' or ''(unicode:ṳ̆)''). Unrounded back vowels are indicated by a corner ((unicode:˻)) below ''e'' or ''i'' (not supported by Unicode). (Central vowels may be written as one of these series, or as reduced vowels.) As in the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasal vowels get a tilde (''(unicode:ã)''). A small circle below a letter is used to mark both the schwa (''(unicode:e̥)'', also ''(unicode:ḁ)'' etc. for other reduced vowels) and syllabic consonants (''(unicode:r̥)'' or ''(unicode:l̥)'', for instance). Diphthongs do not receive any special marking, they are simply juxtaposed (''(unicode:ai)'' ). A short sign can be used to distinguish which element of the diphthong is the on- or off-glide (''(unicode:uĭ, ŭi)'') Vowels in hiatus can be indicated with a diaeresis when necessary (''(unicode:aï)'' ). Other vowels are ''a'' with a subscript ''e'' for ; ''a'' with a subscript ''o'' for , and ''(unicode:o̩)'' for or maybe . The English syllabic is ''(unicode:ṙ̥)''. Word stress is marked with an acute accent on a long vowel (''á'') and with a grave accent on a short vowel (''à''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Standard Alphabet by Lepsius」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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